Raw Water Source
The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:
1. Surface sources, such as
a. Ponds and lakes;
b. Streams and rivers;
c. Storage reservoirs; and
d. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
2. Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as
a. Springs;
b. Infiltration wells ; and
c. Wells and Tube-wells.
Water Quality
The raw or treated water is analysed by testing their physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics:
Physical Characteristics:
Turbidity
Colour
Taste and Odour
Temperature
Chemical Characteristics:
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chlorides
Sulphates
Iron
Solids
Nitrates
Bacteriological Characteristics:
Bacterial examination of water is very important, since it indicates the degree of pollution. Water polluted by sewage contain one or more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases, and many non pathogenic bacteria such as E.Coli, a member of coliform group, also live in the intestinal tract of human beings. Coliform itself is not a harmful group but it has more resistance to adverse condition than any other group. So, if it is ensured to minimize the number of coliforms, the harmful species will be very less. So, coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water with sewage and presence of pathogens.
The methods to estimate the bacterial quality of water are:
Standard Plate Count Test
Most Probable Number
Membrane Filter Technique
Wastewater Quantity Estimation
The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow (DWF).
Quantity= Per capita sewage contributed per day x Population
Sanitary sewage is mostly the spent water of the community draining into the sewer system. It has been observed that a small portion of spent water is lost in evaporation, seepage in ground, leakage, etc. Usually 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers.
Fluctuations in Dry Weather Flow
Since dry weather flow depends on the quantity of water used, and as there are fluctuations in rate of water consumption, there will be fluctuations in dry weather flow also. In general, it can be assumed that (i) Maximum daily flow = 2 x average daily flow and (ii) Minimum daily flow = 2/3 x (average daily flow).
Population Equivalent
Population equivalent is a parameter used in the conversion of contribution of wastes from industrial establishments for accepting into sanitary sewer systems. The strength of industrial sewage is, thus, written as
Std. BOD5 = (Std. BOD5 of domestic sewage per person per day) x
(population equivalent)
Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as thedesign period. It is suggested that the construction of sewage treatment plant may be carried out in phases with an initial design period ranging from 5 to 10 years excluding the construction period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
• Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
• Expandability aspect.
• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments & migration-immigration.
• Available resources.
• Performance of the system during initial period.
Population forecasting methods:
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the designer.
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
2. Geometric Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
5. Simple Graphical Method
6. Comparative Graphical Method
7. Ratio Method
8. Logistic Curve Method
Wastewater Characterization
To design a treatment process properly, characterization of wastewater is perhaps the most critical step. Wastewater characteristics of importance in the design of the activated sludge process can be grouped into the following categories:
Temperature
pH
Colour and Odour
Carbonaceous substrates
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Chlorides
Total and volatile suspended solids (TSS and VSS)
Toxic metals and compounds
The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:
1. Surface sources, such as
a. Ponds and lakes;
b. Streams and rivers;
c. Storage reservoirs; and
d. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
2. Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as
a. Springs;
b. Infiltration wells ; and
c. Wells and Tube-wells.
Water Quality
The raw or treated water is analysed by testing their physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics:
Physical Characteristics:
Turbidity
Colour
Taste and Odour
Temperature
Chemical Characteristics:
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chlorides
Sulphates
Iron
Solids
Nitrates
Bacteriological Characteristics:
Bacterial examination of water is very important, since it indicates the degree of pollution. Water polluted by sewage contain one or more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases, and many non pathogenic bacteria such as E.Coli, a member of coliform group, also live in the intestinal tract of human beings. Coliform itself is not a harmful group but it has more resistance to adverse condition than any other group. So, if it is ensured to minimize the number of coliforms, the harmful species will be very less. So, coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water with sewage and presence of pathogens.
The methods to estimate the bacterial quality of water are:
Standard Plate Count Test
Most Probable Number
Membrane Filter Technique
Wastewater Quantity Estimation
The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow (DWF).
Quantity= Per capita sewage contributed per day x Population
Sanitary sewage is mostly the spent water of the community draining into the sewer system. It has been observed that a small portion of spent water is lost in evaporation, seepage in ground, leakage, etc. Usually 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers.
Fluctuations in Dry Weather Flow
Since dry weather flow depends on the quantity of water used, and as there are fluctuations in rate of water consumption, there will be fluctuations in dry weather flow also. In general, it can be assumed that (i) Maximum daily flow = 2 x average daily flow and (ii) Minimum daily flow = 2/3 x (average daily flow).
Population Equivalent
Population equivalent is a parameter used in the conversion of contribution of wastes from industrial establishments for accepting into sanitary sewer systems. The strength of industrial sewage is, thus, written as
Std. BOD5 = (Std. BOD5 of domestic sewage per person per day) x
(population equivalent)
Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as thedesign period. It is suggested that the construction of sewage treatment plant may be carried out in phases with an initial design period ranging from 5 to 10 years excluding the construction period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
• Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
• Expandability aspect.
• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments & migration-immigration.
• Available resources.
• Performance of the system during initial period.
Population forecasting methods:
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the designer.
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
2. Geometric Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
5. Simple Graphical Method
6. Comparative Graphical Method
7. Ratio Method
8. Logistic Curve Method
Wastewater Characterization
To design a treatment process properly, characterization of wastewater is perhaps the most critical step. Wastewater characteristics of importance in the design of the activated sludge process can be grouped into the following categories:
Temperature
pH
Colour and Odour
Carbonaceous substrates
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Chlorides
Total and volatile suspended solids (TSS and VSS)
Toxic metals and compounds
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